Archiv: Monarchien / Imperien / herrschende Familien / monarchies / empires / ruling families


30.05.2026 - 20:11 [ New York Times ]

America Is Officially an Empire in Decline

(May 3, 2026)

The American-Israeli attack on Iran was more than a bad idea; it has turned into a watershed in the decline of the American empire. Some might prefer the word “hegemony” to describe the world order the United States leads, since its flag does not generally fly over the lands it protects or exploits. But the rules are the same: Imperial systems, whatever you call them, last only as long as their means are adequate to their ends. And with the Iran war, President Trump has overextended the empire dangerously.

01.05.2026 - 22:16 [ 119firecontrol.com ]

When and Why Did the Roman Republic Fall? Understanding the Complex Collapse

Sulla‘s Dictatorship: A Precedent for Tyranny

Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a brilliant but ruthless general, became one of the first to exploit this new reality. In the 80s BCE, he marched his legions on Rome – an act unheard of in previous centuries – to oust his political rivals. He then appointed himself dictator, not for a limited term as allowed in emergencies, but with the stated intention of reforming the Republic. His proscriptions, a brutal process of listing enemies of the state who could be summarily executed and their property confiscated, instilled widespread terror and eliminated many of his opponents. Sulla‘s actions were a stark violation of Republican norms. While he claimed to be restoring the Republic‘s authority, his methods effectively demonstrated that military might could override the rule of law and the established political order. He voluntarily relinquished his dictatorship, a move that might have been seen as restoring the Republic. However, the precedent had been set. He had shown that an ambitious general could seize absolute power through force, and that the Republic‘s institutions were vulnerable to such a challenge. This event loomed large in the minds of subsequent generations, particularly Julius Caesar, who would later replicate and exceed Sulla’s actions.

20.02.2026 - 03:01 [ New York Times ]

Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor’s Relationship With Jeffrey Epstein Spanned Decades

Here’s a look at the history of their relationship.

1999: According to Mr. Mountbatten-Windsor, he first met Mr. Epstein through Ghislaine Maxwell, then the disgraced financier’s girlfriend and a well-connected Briton and daughter of the media tycoon Robert Maxwell.

2000: Ms. Maxwell and Mr. Epstein attended a party at Windsor Castle hosted by Queen Elizabeth II to celebrate the 40th birthday of Mr. Mountbatten-Windsor, then Prince Andrew. That was one of a number of documented meetings between Mr. Epstein and Mr. Mountbatten-Windsor, who served as a British trade envoy from 2001 to 2011.

20.02.2026 - 02:50 [ New York Times ]

Former Prince Andrew’s Arrest Casts Shadow Over Royal Family

On Thursday morning, Mr. Mountbatten-Windsor, formerly known as Prince Andrew, was arrested on suspicions of misconduct in public office amid reports that he had shared confidential information with Jeffrey Epstein while serving as a British trade envoy. In response to the arrest, the king said that “the law must take its course.”

20.02.2026 - 02:34 [ CNBC ]

King Charles’ brother Andrew arrested on suspicion of misconduct

Thames Valley Police has previously said it was “assessing” reports alleging that he sent confidential trade reports to Epstein in 2010, when he was Britain’s special envoy for international trade.

13.01.2026 - 19:27 [ Barak David / Axios ]

Scoop: Trump‘s envoy secretly met Iran‘s exiled crown prince

White House envoy Steve Witkoff met secretly over the weekend with the exiled former crown prince of Iran, Reza Pahlavi, to discuss the protests raging in Iran, according to a senior U.S. official.

13.01.2026 - 18:53 [ Associated Press ]

Torture still scars Iranians 40 years after revolution

(February 6, 2019)

Torture became widespread, as shown in the museum’s exhibits. Interrogators all wear ties, a nod to their Western connections. Portraits of the shah, Queen Farah and his son, Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi, who now lives in exile in the U.S., hang above one torture scene

(…)

Sheikhi walked with Associated Press journalists through the prison that once held him, built in the 1930s by German engineers. Black-and-white photographs of its 8,500 prisoners from over the years line the walls. They include current Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and the late President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.

Sheikhi, then 19, spent about three months in the prison and 11 months in another after being detained for distributing anti-shah statements from Khomeini, then in exile.

13.01.2026 - 18:48 [ The Grayzone / Youtube ]

Inside Iran‘s Savak torture museum

May 17, 2025 #TheGrayzone

Caution: This report contains depictions of simulated violence that may upset some viewers.

Max Blumenthal tours one of the most disturbing museums on the planet.

Set in Tehran‘s former Ebrat Prison run by the anti-sabotage unit of Shah Reza Pahlavi‘s Savak intelligence services, the museum is filled with shockingly graphic exhibits featuring lifelike mannequins recreating the hideous torture tactics deployed to repress dissidents rebelling against Iran‘s monarchy.

Many mannequins on display represent notorious torturers who either fled or were executed after the Islamic revolution in 1979, while others are modeled after famous prisoners locked away in Ebrat like the current Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamanei.

13.01.2026 - 18:22 [ Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung ]

16. Januar 1979: Sturz und Flucht des iranischen Schahs

Noch Anfang der 1950er-Jahre wurde Iran wirtschaftlich von Großbritannien ausgebeutet. Nur ein kleiner Teil der enormen Öleinnahmen verblieb im Land. Teherans Opposition, die in weiten Teilen eine Verstaatlichung der Erdölindustrie forderte, gewann an Zulauf. Die Nationale Front aus verschiedenen linken, islamistischen, aber auch liberalen Gruppen einte damals die Ablehnung des Schahs und ausländischer Einflussnahme. Nach der Ermordung des vom Schah installierten Premierministers Ali Razmara durch Islamisten leitete eine Parlamentskommission im März 1951 die Verstaatlichung der iranischen Ölindustrie ein. Ende April 1951 ernannte der Schah den Führer der Nationalen Front, Mohammed Mossadegh (1882-1967), zum Premierminister.

Unter Mossadegh schritt die Verstaatlichung der Ölindustrie schnell voran. Nachdem die Briten fast 50 Jahre lang quasi ein Monopol auf iranisches Erdöl innehatten, mussten sie es nun aus der Hand geben. London setzte daraufhin einen Boykott Irans durch fast alle internationalen Ölgesellschaften durch. Die Folge war eine schwere Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise. Dies änderte zunächst nichts an der Unterstützung Mossadeghs innerhalb der Bevölkerung. Mossadegh erhielt Sondervollmachten durch das Parlament. Nach einem gescheiterten Versuch Rezas, Mossadegh seines Amtes zu entheben, und den darauf folgenden Kämpfen zwischen den beiden Lagern floh der Schah ins Ausland.

Im August 1953 wurde Mossadegh von Teilen der iranischen Armee mit Hilfe des US-amerikanischen Geheimdienstes CIA gestürzt. Der Schah kehrte aus dem Exil zurück. Fortan war Iran ein treuer Verbündeter der Vereinigten Staaten. Der Monarch unterdrückte jede Opposition mit Härte. Ab 1954 teilte sich ein Konsortium westlicher Ölkonzerne die Gewinne aus dem Erdölgeschäft mit der National Iranian Oil Company. Von den Öleinnahmen profitierte jedoch nur ein kleiner Teil der Bevölkerung.

Washington unterstützte den Schah in den 1950er-Jahren bei der Modernisierung seiner Streitkräfte und ab 1957 beim Aufbau des gefürchteten Geheimdiensts SAVAK.

13.01.2026 - 17:36 [ PressTV.ir ]

Behind the riots: Israel-Pahlavi nexus and the delusion of ‘regime change’ in Iran

The alliance between Iran’s former monarchists and the Israeli regime – actors united by shared interests – gained further momentum after Pahlavi and his spouse visited the Israeli-occupied territories in April 2024 at the invitation of Netanyahu himself.

The visit marked the formalization of what had long been an informal and deeply troubling relationship.

This relationship was further solidified after the Tel Aviv regime launched an unprovoked and unjustified war of aggression against Iran in June this year, resulting in the martyrdom of more than 1,000 people, including women and children.

While the Iranian nation mourned its dead, Pahlavi monarchists openly celebrated. Reza Pahlavi offered no words of sympathy for the victims of the 12-day war, laying bare where his loyalties truly lie.

13.11.2025 - 22:35 [ Famous-Trials.com ]

The Trial of Galileo: An Account

The trial by the Congregation moved to its conclusion. Several of the ten cardinals apparently pushed for Galileo‘s incarceration in prison, while those more supportive of Galileo argued that–with changes–the Dialogue ought to continue to be allowed to circulate. In the end, a majority of the cardinals–rejecting much of the Commissary‘s agreement with Galileo–demanded Galileo „even with the threat of torture…abjure in a plenary assembly of the Congregation of the Holy Office…[and] then be condemned to imprisonment at the pleasure of the Holy Congregation.“ Moreover, the cardinals declared, the Dialogue „is to be prohibited.“

The grand play ran its course, with the Pope insisting upon a formal sentence, a tough examination of Galileo, public abjuration, and „formal prison.“ Galileo was forced to appear once again for formal questioning about his true feelings concerning the Copernican system. Galileo obliged, so as not to risk being branded a heretic, testifying that „I held, as I still hold, as most true and indisputable, the opinion of Ptolemy, that is to say, the stability of the Earth and the motion of the Sun.“ Galileo‘s renunciation of Copernicanism ended with the words, „I affirm, therefore, on my conscience, that I do not now hold the condemned opinion and have not held it since the decision of authorities….I am here in your hands–do with me what you please.“

09.11.2025 - 15:27 [ theCollector.com ]

The German Revolution of 1918-1919: The Birth of the Weimar Republic

(March 1, 2025)

On October 30, 1918, the naval garrison of Wilhelmshaven resisted the order to launch the operation against the British forces. Arrested by their officers, the mutineers were then brought to Kiel, where the local dock crews and workers joined their struggle. The rebellion soon spread through the coastal town, with soldiers and workers creating a council to demand the release of mutineers, freedom of speech, and the immediate stop of “all military measures” against the movement. Fearing the outbreak of a revolution, members of the Reichstag hastily traveled to Kiel, where they promised to accept the Soldiers’ and Workers’ Council demands.

By the time the government representatives arrived in Kiel, anti-war and pro-democracy protests had already reached countless coastal towns and ports.

03.09.2025 - 16:54 [ China Radio International ]

Xi Jinping hält Ansprache zu 80. Jahrestag des Sieges im Widerstandskrieg des chinesischen Volkes gegen japanische Aggression

Die großartige chinesische Nation scheue keine Macht und Gewalt, stehe auf eigenen Füssen und verbessere sich ständig. Im lebensentscheidenen Kampf von Gut gegen Böse, Licht gegen Dunkelheit und fortschrittlichen Kräften gegen reaktionäre Kräfte habe das chinesische Volk damals gemeinsam hart gegen die Feinde sowie um das Überleben des Landes, die Wiederauferstehung der chinesischen Nation und die Gerechtigkeit der Menschheit gekämpft. Heutzutage stehe die Menschheit erneut vor der Entscheidung zwischen Frieden und Krieg, Dialog und Konfrontation sowie gemeinsamem Gewinn und Nullsummenspiel. Das chinesische Volk stehe fest auf der Seite der historischen Richtigkeit und des Fortschritts der menschlichen Zivilisationen sowie halte am Weg der friedlichen Entwicklung fest, um gemeinsam mit der Bevölkerung aller Länder eine Gemeinschaft der Menschheit mit geteilter Zukunft aufzubauen.

06.08.2025 - 09:21 [ Freitag.de ]

Psychopathische Eliten: Warum sich die Menschheit höchstwahrscheinlich selbst zerstört

(Aubust 5, 2025)

Kemp sieht in diesen „Agenten des Untergangs“ die Ursache für den gegenwärtigen Kurs in Richtung gesellschaftlichen Zusammenbruch. „Das sind die großen, psychopathischen Unternehmen und Konzerne, die globale Katastrophen riskieren“, sagt er. „Atomwaffen, Klimawandel und künstliche Intelligenz werden nur von einer sehr kleinen Zahl verschwiegener, sehr wohlhabender und mächtiger Gruppen wie dem militärisch-industriellen Komplex, Big Tech und der Industrie für fossile Brennstoffe produziert.“

„Der springende Punkt ist, dass es nicht um die gesamte Menschheit geht, die diese Bedrohungen schafft. Es geht nicht um die menschliche Natur. Es geht um kleine Gruppen, die das Schlimmste in uns hervorbringen, die um Profit und Macht konkurrieren und alle [Risiken] vertuschen.“

20.05.2025 - 14:17 [ Responsible Statecraft ]

Why Arab leaders aren‘t helping the Palestinians in Gaza

(May 20, 2024)

“The Arab world has turned its citizens into consumers basically,” explained Rami G. Khouri, a distinguished public policy fellow at the American University of Beirut, in an interview with RS.

“You can consume anything you want. There are 25 different kinds of fried chicken which you can buy in most Arab capitals and that’s fine. That’s what the governments want is to have people spend their time, money, and thoughts on consumption. But anything that has to do with political power, public policy, and allocation of economic gains have to be controlled by the government,” he added.

14.02.2024 - 13:59 [ New York Times ]

A Palestinian Exile Champions an Arab Vision for Gaza

Mohammed Dahlan, an adviser to the president of the United Arab Emirates, outlined one under which Israel and Hamas would hand power to a new and independent Palestinian leader who could rebuild Gaza under the protection of an Arab peacekeeping force.

While such plans face steep challenges, the leaders of Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the Emirates are open to supporting processes that are part of efforts leading to a Palestinian state, said Mr. Dahlan, who also has close ties to Egypt’s president, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.

07.02.2024 - 16:55 [ Daniel Neun / Radio Utopie ]

BBC-Filmreihe “The Trap” (III): Die Freiheit von Berlin oder Der “Kampf der Zivilisationen”

(18. November 2012)

1965 begannen die U.S.A. während des Krieges gegen Nordvietnam ein ebenso mörderisches, wie geheimes Bombardement gegen das neutrale Kambodscha, was bis 1954 Kolonie Frankreichs gewesen war. 2,7 Millionen Tonnen Bomben zwischen 1965 bis 1973 beförderten Kambodscha “zurück in die Steinzeit” und töteten 200.000 Menschen. Den U.S.-Bomberpiloten wurde vom Pentagon sogar verboten, die eigenen Vorgesetzten zu informieren. Die angeblichen Militärstützpunkte Nordvietnams in Kambodscha, wegen denen die Bombardements vermeintlich durchgeführt wurden, existierten nicht.

Was die Tat von Wahnsinnigen war, wurde nachher als “Wahnsinnigen-Theorie” (“Madman-Theory”) verkauft: die U.S.-Regierung unter Präsident Richard Nixon und Außenminister Henry Kissinger (der später den Friedensnobelpreis bekam) behauptete, sie habe sich wahnsinnig benommen, um der Sowjetunion Angst vor einem Atomkrieg zu machen, damit diese Druck auf Nordvietnam ausübe, damit das den Krieg gegen die U.S.A. beende, den die U.S.A. selbst begonnen hatten.

1970 stürzten die U.S.A. die Monarchie unter “Prinz” Sihanouk, installierten ein Proxy-Regime und marschierten in Kambodscha ein. Sihanouk, einst 1941 im Alter von achtzehn Jahren vom französischen Vichy-Regime unter deutscher Besatzung zum neuen König der damaligen französischen Kolonie Kambodscha ernannt, floh ins China Mao Tse Tungs und formierte dort eine kambodschanische “Freiheitsbewegung”. Deren Teil: die Roten Khmer.

1972 besuchte Richard Nixon als erster U.S.-Präsident China und Mao Tse Tung, im Versuch gegen das mit der Sowjetunion verbündete Nordvietnam einen Verbündeten zu finden und die Rivalitäten sowohl zwischen China und Vietnam, als auch zwischen China und der Sowjetunion zu schüren.

Als 1975 in Vietnam die Truppen des Vietkong und Nordvietnams in Saigon einmarschierten und den Krieg gegen die U.S.A. gewannen, marschierten in Kambodscha die Truppen der Roten Khmer – von China unterstützt und traditionell verfeindet mit den vietnamesischen Kommunisten – plötzlich in der Haupstadt Phnom Penh ein. Und setzten Prinz Sihanouk als offizielles Staatsoberhaupt ein.

Von der Schreckensherrschaft Pol Pots, auf dessen Killing Fields Millionen Leichen lagen und dessen Verbündeter Prinz Sihanouk nach wie vor im Land lebte, befreite Kambodscha 1979 nicht etwa die “negative Freiheit” der U.S.A., von Frankreich, oder der U.N.O., sondern die einrückenden Truppen des kommunistischen Vietnams.

Die Mörder der Roten Khmer, die gerade einen Genozid begangen hatten, flohen in Dschungel und begannen dort einen neuen Guerillakrieg – mit Unterstützung der U.S.A. und anderer ehrenwerter westlicher Länder. 1982 formierten die Massenmörder unter Führung Sihanouks eine Exilregierung, die von den U.S.A., der U.N.O und unwichtigen Ländereien Westeuropas anerkannt wurde.

Vizepräsident dieser kambodschanischen Exilregierung: das “Staatsoberhaupt” des Pol Pot Regimes von 1976-1979, Khieu Samphan. Er lebt heute noch. Er sagt, er hätte nichts gewusst.

Pol Pot wurde nie verfolgt. Dafür sorgten die U.S.A..

Neues altes Staatsoberhaupt Kambodschas wurde 1991 Sihanouk, nach dem Abzug der vietnamesischen Truppen. Er starb erst vor wenigen Tagen, am 15. Oktober 2012, in Peking.

07.02.2024 - 16:34 [ Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia - eccc.gov.kh ]

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia: TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS – “DUCH” TRIAL PUBLIC

(6 April 2009, 0910H)

Q. Still in the political context — of course, we will go back to your detention, speak about your detention a bit later, but you also spoke about the coup d‘etat of 1970, so a coup d‘etat through which Sihanouk was deposed and a republican regime that was set up by Lon Nol was installed.

Can you tell us, you were — can you tell us how this was perceived? In particular, how the declaration of March 1970 was perceived through which Prince Sihanouk asked the Cambodian people to rise up? I‘d like to understand how the CPK, Communist Party of Kampuchea, experienced this period and was there a real union? What happened, in fact?

[10:19:40]

A. Judge Lavergne, I would like to respond to your question based on my political view. Samdech Norodom Sihanouk was the Head of State of Cambodia. His position was the populist to preserve his throne. It was not Norodom Sihanouk. Lon Nol was

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affiliated with the United States, and when he grasped or controlled the Assembly in 1966, he managed to — he really caused the dispute and the uprising in Samlaut at the Sihanoukist side, and the other side is the Communist side which are affiliated with Marxist and Leninist, and these things were mixed up.

I think through my understanding, if Richard Nixon did not be quick to allow Lon Nol to start the coup d‘etat and allowing Khmer Rouge to cooperate with Sihanouk, I think Khmer Rouge would be demolished or otherwise they would never be able to stand up again. But Mr. Kissinger and Richard Nixon weren‘t quick and the Khmer Rouge noted the golden opportunity and King Sihanouk declare from China that all Cambodian people go through the Marxist jungle and then the Khmer Rouge troop will build up from 1970 to 1975.

I think this is the political context and people tried to gain — to have political gain. Lon Nol tried to benefit from politics and then Sihanouk also tried to gain benefit for his side.

07.02.2024 - 16:15 [ Reuters ]

Khmer Rouge jailer says U.S. contributed to Pol Pot rise

(April 6, 2009)

Duch, the first of five Pol Pot cadres to face trial for the 1975-79 reign of terror in which 1.7 million Cambodians died, said the Khmer Rouge would have faded if the U.S. had not got involved in Cambodia.

„Mr Richard Nixon and Kissinger allowed the Khmer Rouge to grasp golden opportunities,“ the 66-year-old former jailer said at the start of the second week of his trial by the joint U.N.-Cambodian tribunal.

07.02.2024 - 14:20 [ Sophal Ear / theConversation.com ]

Henry Kissinger’s bombing campaign likely killed hundreds of thousands of Cambodians − and set path for the ravages of the Khmer Rouge

(November 30, 2023)

To Kissinger, Cambodia was a “sideshow,” to use the title of William Shawcross’ damning book exposing the story of America’s secret war with Cambodia from 1969 to 1973.

During that period, the U.S. bombing of neutral Cambodia saw an estimated 500,000 tons  of ordnance dropped on 113,716 targets in the country.

Kissinger and others in the White House tried to keep the campaign from the public for as long as they could, for good reason. It came as public opinion in the U.S. was turning against American involvement. The bombing campaign is also considered illegal under international law by many experts.

But to Kissinger, the ends – containing communism – seemingly justified the means, no matter the cost. And the cost to Cambodians was huge.

It resulted in the direct deaths of hundreds of thousands of Cambodians. With the U.S. government keeping the bombings secret at the time, comprehensive data and documentation are limited. But estimates on the number of deaths range from as few as 24,000 to as many as a million.

31.01.2024 - 14:52 [ Middle East Eye ]

Mustaribeen: The Israeli undercover agents with a history of dressing like Palestinians

Dressed in medical scrubs, Islamic thobes and hijabs, wearing face masks and pushing wheelchairs, a group of Israeli undercover agents descended upon Jenin‘s Ibn Sina Hospital on Tuesday.

The agents are known in Arabic as mustaribeen, which means to „dress and act like an Arab“, and in Hebrew as mistaarivim, a derivative of the Arabic word.

20.01.2024 - 06:30 [ ]

War on Gaza: Arab despots‘ failure to stand up to Israel could fuel an explosion

But something else is happening that is just as important: Palestine is being officially defended by the Global South. South Africa has taken the lead by launching the case for genocide at the International Court of Justice in the Hague.

Palestine, at the same time, is reemerging as a global cause, just as was the case in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. The composition of South Africa’s team of lawyers says it all: multi-ethnic, male, female, Irish, British, South African. There was no Palestinian officially with them in the group. And yet, a day after the hearing ended, there were massive demonstrations in 45 countries – but not in Egypt, Saudi Arabia or even Algeria.

03.01.2024 - 08:55 [ Middle East Eye ]

War on Gaza: OIC and Arab League must back South Africa‘s ICJ case on Israel

Beyond material progress and architectural marvels that rival ancient wonders, a truly progressive state is marked by its commitment to accountability and justice – a domain where some established democracies have faltered.

After enduring a harrowing 85 days of bombardment resulting in nearly 22,000 killed, including more than 8,000 children and 6,000 women, 1.9 million displaced and the collapse of the health infrastructure, South Africa, a signatory of the Genocide Convention has finally called upon the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to examine the crisis.

This long-awaited step reflects a crucial recognition of the international community‘s role in conflict resolution and human rights protection.

03.01.2024 - 08:35 [ Jacobin ]

South Africa Is Right to Invoke the Genocide Convention Against Israel’s War on Gaza

By the 1920s, Lemkin was formulating the concepts and laws that were articulated in his best-known book, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (1944). His unpublished manuscripts reveal that he saw colonialism as an integral part of a world history of genocide.

Those manuscripts covered an extremely wide range of cases where European colonial powers were responsible for mass killing, from the Spanish conquest of the Americas in the sixteenth century and the slaughter of indigenous peoples in Australia and New Zealand to the German massacre of the Hereros in Namibia a few decades earlier.

31.12.2023 - 20:20 [ Middle East Eye ]

Israel‘s war on Gaza encapsulates the entire history of European colonialism

In North and South America, Australia, Asia and Africa, European settler-colonialists have left behind the evidence of their psychotic genocidal practices.

The European transatlantic slave trade may have halved the population of Africa, some historians believe. The US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many African colonies were all built on the systematic extermination, displacement and internment of the original inhabitants.

In the Israeli settler-colonialism now on violent display in Gaza and the rest of Palestine, European colonialism is living up to its murderous infamy and has returned to the global stage with a vengeance.

For decades, scholars of European colonialism have been working hard to document, archive and connect these episodes of the premeditated mass murder of native people around the globe.

07.11.2023 - 06:03 [ Wikipedia ]

Black September

Black September (Arabic: أيلول الأسود Aylūl al-ʾAswad), also known as the Jordanian Civil War,[9] was an armed conflict between Jordan, led by King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by chairman Yasser Arafat. The main phase of the fighting took place between 16 and 27 September 1970, though certain aspects of the conflict continued until 17 July 1971.

After the 1967 Six-Day War, Palestinian fedayeen guerrillas relocated to Jordan and stepped up their attacks on Israel and the occupied territories. They were headquartered at the Jordanian border town of Karameh, which Israel targeted during a battle in 1968, leading to a surge of Arab support for the fedayeen. The PLO‘s strength grew, and by early 1970, groups within the PLO began calling for the overthrow of Jordan‘s Hashemite monarchy, leading to violent clashes in June 1970.

07.11.2023 - 05:39 [ Wikipedia ]

Jordanischer Bürgerkrieg

Nach dem Sechstagekrieg 1967 verschlechterte sich das Verhältnis zwischen den Mitgliederorganisationen der Palästinensischen Befreiungsorganisation und dem jordanischen Königshaus deutlich. Die jordanische Niederlage im Krieg und der Verlust des Westjordanlandes führten zu einem Gesichtsverlust des Staates unter vielen Palästinensern. Die jordanische Regierung sah die mit ihr nicht abgesprochenen Angriffe auf israelisches Territorium als Verletzung ihrer Souveränität. So führte die Schlacht von Karame zu einem Zerwürfnis zwischen beiden Seiten. Die palästinensische Seite hatte rund 100.000 bewaffnete Kämpfer in Jordanien, und ihre Führungsschicht sah in der mehrheitlich palästinensischstämmigen Bevölkerung des Königreichs eine potentielle Machtbasis, den Staat zu kontrollieren. So verdrängten palästinensische Milizen jordanische Sicherheitskräfte aus den Flüchtlingslagern und mehreren Städten.