In response to the Bondi attack, it is tempting, as many on the Jewish left have done for years, to promote the idea of safety through solidarity, according to which the strengthening of bonds between different marginalized communities is the key to each other’s protection. But as a colleague said to me recently, the pursuit of safety may be a delusion. Such sentiments feel empty in the face of an attack like Bondi. Indeed, so few of these communities enjoy any sense of safety in the unfolding era of political violence and instability.
Archiv: (gleiches) Bürgerrecht / Verfassungsrecht (Grundrecht) / Menschenrecht / unveräußerliches Recht / civil / equal / constitutional / human / unalienable rights
Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General – on terrorist attack in Sydney, Australia
(December 14, 2025)
The Secretary-General strongly condemns the heinous terrorist attack on a celebration of Hanukkah in Sydney, Australia. He expresses his deepest condolences to the families of the victims and extends his wishes for a swift and full recovery to those injured.
The Secretary-General stands in solidarity with the people and Government of Australia during this difficult time. The Secretary-General expresses his solidarity with the Jewish community in the country and worldwide as they gather to celebrate peace and light.
The Secretary-General unequivocally condemns antisemitism in all its forms and reiterates that attacks on religious communities and peaceful celebrations strike at the core values of tolerance, coexistence and human dignity.
US airstrike in Caribbean draws complaint before human rights watchdog
The commission has long been a way to challenge human rights abuses in the Western Hemisphere, but the U.S. hasn’t ratified the enforcement treaty and does not consider its findings legally binding. Still, an adverse finding is an embarrassment to a nation that has customarily been seen as an advocate for the rule of law.
Colombian family files first known formal complaint over deadly US strike in Caribbean
The family of a Colombian man believed to have been killed in a US strike in the Caribbean has filed what’s believed to be the first complaint against such attacks with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR).
The petition, filed Tuesday by US human rights attorney Dan Kovalik, alleges that Colombian fisherman Alejandro Carranza was killed when the US struck his boat off the coast of Colombia on September 15.
Family of Colombian fisherman killed in US boat strike files complaint alleging he was murdered
The family of a Colombian fisherman who died in a U.S. military boat strike in September has filed a formal complaint with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights alleging the U.S. government illegally killed him.
Alejandro Carranza was killed in a strike in the Caribbean on Sept. 15, according to the petition, filed on Tuesday.
What Did Palestine Action Do to be Named Terrorists?
Shortly after midnight on June 20, activists from Palestine Action cut through the outer fence of Brize Norton and sped across the tarmac on electric scooters.
Undetected by guards, they proceeded to spray red paint into the turbines of two Voyager aircraft, used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) for air-to-air refueling and strategic air transport missions. Crowbars were also reportedly used.
Three days later, Britain’s home secretary Yvette Cooper told parliament that she had decided to proscribe Palestine Action under Section 3 of the Terrorism Act.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(December 10, 1948)
Article 12
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
(…)
Article 18
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
(…)
Article 26
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
(…)
Article 30
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
Legal team presents new evidence of torture of Palestinian prisoners to ICC
New evidence regarding the torture of Palestinian prisoners whose mutilated bodies were returned by Israel was presented at the International Criminal Court by a legal team representing the victims of the genocide in Gaza.
Al Jazeera Arabic reported that evidence regarding the targeting of journalists was added to the ongoing series of legal efforts to prosecute Israel in the International court since 2008.
According to the report, documented medical evidence was presented by doctors and forensic experts through detailed reports, photos, videos, and family testimonies.
Clear evidence of brutal torture: Condition of Palestinian bodies released from Israeli prisons demands urgent int’l investigation
(October 16, 2025)
Euro-Med Monitor’s field team monitored the Israeli authorities’ handover of the bodies of 120 Palestinians from the Gaza Strip through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), delivered in three consecutive batches: 45 on Tuesday, 45 on Wednesday, and 30 on Thursday, including dozens of unidentified remains.
Medical examinations, forensic reports, and observations by the field team revealed conclusive evidence that many victims were killed after being detained. Their bodies bore clear marks of hanging, rope imprints around their necks, injuries from close-range gunfire, bound hands and feet with plastic restraints, and blindfolds. Some bodies were crushed under tank tracks, while others showed severe signs of physical torture, fractures, burns, and deep wounds.
Dr. Munir Al-Bursh, Director General of the Ministry of Health in Gaza, said: “The bodies we received were bound like animals, blindfolded, and bore horrific signs of torture and burns that reveal the extent of the crimes committed in secret. They did not die naturally; they were executed after being restrained. These people were not buried underground, they were kept in the occupation’s refrigerators for long months.”
OBLIGATIONS OF ISRAEL IN RELATION TO THE PRESENCE AND ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS, OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THIRD STATES IN AND IN RELATION TO THEOCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY
(October 22, 2025)
223. For these reasons,
THE COURT ,
(1) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction to give the advisory opinion requested;
(2) Unanimously,
Decides to comply with the request for an advisory opinion;
(3) Is of the opinion that the State of Israel, as an occupying Power, is required to fulfil its obligations under international humanitarian law. These obligations include the following:
(a) Unanimously,
to ensure that the population of the Occupied Palestinian Territory has the essential supplies of daily life, including food, water, clothing, bedding, shelter, fuel, medical supplies and services;
(b) By ten votes to one,
to agree to and facilitate by all means at its disposal relief schemes on behalf of the population of the Occupied Palestinian Territory so long as that population is inadequately supplied, as has been the case in the Gaza Strip, including relief provided by the United Nations and its entities, in particular the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, other international organizations and third States, and not to impede such relief;
IN FAVOUR: President Iwasawa; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Xue, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant,
Gómez Robledo, Cleveland, Tladi;
AGAINST: Vice-President Sebutinde;
(c) Unanimously,
to respect and protect all relief and medical personnel and facilities;
(d) Unanimously,
to respect the prohibition on forcible transfer and deportation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory;
(e) Unanimously,
to respect the right of protected persons from the Occupied Palestinian Territory who are detained by the State of Israel to be visited by the International Committee of the Red Cross; and
(f) Unanimously,
to respect the prohibition on the use of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare;
OBLIGATIONS OF ISRAEL IN RELATION TO THE PRESENCE AND ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS, OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THIRD STATES IN AND IN RELATION TO THEOCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY
223. For these reasons,
THE COURT ,
(1) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction to give the advisory opinion requested;
(2) Unanimously,
Decides to comply with the request for an advisory opinion;
(3) Is of the opinion that the State of Israel, as an occupying Power, is required to fulfil its obligations under international humanitarian law. These obligations include the following:
(a) Unanimously,
to ensure that the population of the Occupied Palestinian Territory has the essential supplies of daily life, including food, water, clothing, bedding, shelter, fuel, medical supplies and services;
(b) By ten votes to one,
to agree to and facilitate by all means at its disposal relief schemes on behalf of the population of the Occupied Palestinian Territory so long as that population is inadequately supplied, as has been the case in the Gaza Strip, including relief provided by the United Nations and its entities, in particular the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, other international organizations and third States, and not to impede such relief;
IN FAVOUR: President Iwasawa; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Xue, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant,
Gómez Robledo, Cleveland, Tladi;
AGAINST: Vice-President Sebutinde;
(c) Unanimously,
to respect and protect all relief and medical personnel and facilities;
(d) Unanimously,
to respect the prohibition on forcible transfer and deportation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory;
(e) Unanimously,
to respect the right of protected persons from the Occupied Palestinian Territory who are detained by the State of Israel to be visited by the International Committee of the Red Cross; and
(f) Unanimously,
to respect the prohibition on the use of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare;
(4) By ten votes to one,
Is of the opinion that, as an occupying Power, the State of Israel has an obligation under
international human rights law to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of the population of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including through the presence and activities of the United Nations, other international organizations and third States, in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory;
IN FAVOUR: President Iwasawa; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Xue, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant,
Gómez Robledo, Cleveland, Tladi;
AGAINST: Vice-President Sebutinde;
(5) By ten votes to one,
Is of the opinion that the State of Israel has an obligation to co-operate in good faith with the United Nations by providing every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, including the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory;
IN FAVOUR: President Iwasawa; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Xue, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant,
Gómez Robledo, Cleveland, Tladi;
AGAINST: Vice-President Sebutinde;
(6) By ten votes to one,
Is of the opinion that the State of Israel has an obligation under Article 105 of the Charter of the United Nations to ensure full respect for the privileges and immunities accorded to the United Nations, including its agencies and bodies, and its officials, in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory;
IN FAVOUR: President Iwasawa; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Xue, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant,
Gómez Robledo, Cleveland, Tladi;
AGAINST: Vice-President Sebutinde;
(7) By ten votes to one,
Is of the opinion that the State of Israel has an obligation under Article II of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations to ensure full respect for the inviolability of the premises of the United Nations, including those of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, and for the immunity of the property and assets of the Organization from any form of interference;
IN FAVOUR: President Iwasawa; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Xue, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant,
Gómez Robledo, Cleveland, Tladi;
AGAINST: Vice-President Sebutinde;
(8) By ten votes to one,
Is of the opinion that the State of Israel has an obligation under Articles V, VI and VII of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations to ensure full respect for the privileges and immunities accorded to the officials and experts on mission of the United Nations, in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
IN FAVOUR: President Iwasawa; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Xue, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant,
Gómez Robledo, Cleveland, Tladi;
AGAINST: Vice-President Sebutinde.
Israel is obliged to let aid flow into Occupied Palestinian Territory, says World Court
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) says that Israel must uphold its responsibilities as the “occupying power” by ensuring aid can flow freely and by respecting the rights of the UN and other humanitarian agencies working in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
Haiti, allies rally behind new gang suppression force despite concerns
(October 2, 2025)
Civil society groups also cautiously welcomed the vote. The Center for Analysis and Research in Human Rights (CARDH) and other signatories of the December 21 Accord emphasized that the mission’s success will depend on coordination between Haitian institutions, international backers and watchdog mechanisms.
Presidency statement on field executions carried out by Hamas in Gaza
The Presidency held Hamas fully responsible for these crimes that harm the supreme interests of the Palestinian people, as they seek to entrench Hamas’s control over the Gaza Strip, provide pretexts to the occupation, obstruct reconstruction, deepen division, and hinder the establishment of a free and independent State of Palestine.
SHOCKING: Video Shows Hamas Fighters Executing Alleged Collaborators in Gaza City | AH1G
A disturbing video from Gaza shows Hamas fighters executing seven men accused of collaborating with Israel. Reuters verified the footage’s location in Gaza City and confirmed it was filmed Monday. Hamas sources admitted responsibility, vowing zero tolerance for “traitors” as fighters reemerge on Gaza’s streets following the ceasefire.
The Gaza Precedent: How the World’s Response Will Shape Global Justice
Though Netanyahu continues to act with the same old arrogant attitude that he, his government, and country are above the law, including international law, it is incumbent on all of us to remind him and other war criminals that no individual, no entity, and no government is immune to accountability when it comes to the blood of the innocent.
This struggle is not solely for the sake of Gaza; it is for the very soul of humanity. Should Netanyahu’s actions succeed in normalizing genocide in the 21st century, this horrific crime could become a sanctioned political strategy for tyrants and regimes worldwide. The world cannot afford to let this happen. The future of global justice hangs in the balance.
MK Odeh to Submit Bill to Knesset to Recognize Palestinian State
“I welcome the decision of the UK, France, Australia, Canada and other countries to recognize a Palestinian state,” he wrote in X, adding that the Palestinian people are no better or worse than anyone else, but nevertheless deserve the right to self-determination. “On the first day of the winter session, I will place on the Knesset table a bill to recognize a Palestinian state. Because there are two people here, and the State of Israel must also recognize this simple fact.”
Hadash MK Aida Touma-Sliman told The Jerusalem Post that the recognition of a Palestinian state by “Western powers is an important step, but it is not enough, too little too late.” Touma-Sliman said that Palestinian state recognition “must be the beginning of a serious pressure campaign on Israel and its backers in the White House, including economic measures and arms embargoes.” “The world knows that the destruction of Gaza must end, and a Palestinian state must be established alongside Israel. It is time for action,” she said.
Israel is waging a holocaust in Gaza. Denazification is our only remedy
What Israel is doing in Gaza City is not the tragic byproduct of chaotic events on the ground, but a well-calculated act of annihilation, executed in cold blood by “the people’s army” — that is, the fathers, sons, brothers, and neighbors of us Israelis.
How is it that, despite the mounting testimonies from Gaza’s concentration and extermination camps, no mass refusal movement has taken root in Israel? That after two years of this carnage barely a handful of conscientious objectors sit in prison is truly inconceivable. Even the so-called “gray refusers” — reserve soldiers who do not oppose the war on ideological grounds but are simply exhausted and questioning its purpose — remain far too few to slow the killing machine, let alone bring it to a halt.
Who are these obedient souls who keep this system running? How can a society so deeply fractured — between the religious and the secular, settlers and liberals, kibbutzniks and urbanites, veteran immigrants and new arrivals — unite only in its willingness to slaughter Palestinians without a moment’s hesitation?
»Wir können uns nicht den Luxus leisten aufzugeben«
Zum ersten Mal gibt es ein globales Erwachen und eine globale Mobilisierung angesichts eines Völkermords. Dessen müssen wir uns bewusst sein. Natürlich ist es das System, sind es die UN-Mitgliedstaaten, die Israel Straflosigkeit gewähren. Dieses System besteht aus der Komplizenschaft einer Vielzahl von Akteuren und Unternehmen, Universitäten, dem Finanzsektor und all denen, die die Situation normalisiert haben. Aber es herrscht eine Atmosphäre der Veränderung, und wir müssen wissen, dass es richtig ist, weiterhin die Anwendung des Völkerrechts zu fordern. Das ist kein Akt der Nächstenliebe, sondern der Menschlichkeit, der Verantwortung und des Rechts.
Der Mord an Charlie Kirk ist eine Katastrophe
Charlie Kirks Ermordung droht die US-Rechte weiter aufzuwiegeln und die Hoffnung auf sozialen Fortschritt zu erlöschen. Denn dass politische Kämpfe mit Worten und nicht Patronen ausgetragen werden, ist eine Überlebensfrage für die Demokratie und die Linke.
Charlie Kirk’s Murder Is a Tragedy and a Disaster
The assassination of Charlie Kirk threatens to embolden the far right and provide Donald Trump with a pretext for crushing dissent. Escalating political violence corrodes democratic norms and poses a unique threat to the Left.
AJ+ spoke to Greta Thunberg as she makes a second attempt to break Israel’s siege of Gaza. The Swedish activist has joined hundreds of others on dozens of boats, as part of the Global Sumud Flotilla to try to reach Gaza.
(video)
Glaubwürdigkeit verlangt Aufarbeitung
Was ist also mit jenen, die schon früh das Richtige gesagt haben? Was ist mit jenen, die das Grauen in Gaza nicht schweigend hingenommen und dafür einen hohen Preis bezahlt haben? Die Liste der Betroffenen ist lang und im Archive of Silence und dem Index of Repression ausführlich dokumentiert. Besonders drastische Beispiele lieferten die Technische Universität München, wo Studierende, die an einer palästinasolidarischen Veranstaltung teilnehmen wollten, von der Polizei in einem Raum eingesperrt und anschließend wegen »Hausfriedensbruch« angezeigt wurden, obwohl sie von der Universität selbst dort hineingelockt worden waren.
Weitere eindrückliche Beispiele sind die Entlassung Melanie Schweizers aus dem Arbeitsministerium, die Absagen gleich mehrerer Veranstaltungen mit der UN-Sonderberichterstatterin Francesca Albanese, die Kündigung von Helen Fares durch den SWR, die rechtswidrige Auflösung des Palästina-Kongresses in Berlin, die Absage der »Talking about (the Silencing of) Palestine«-Konferenz in Frankfurt oder die Einstufung der Jüdischen Stimme für gerechten Frieden und Palästina Spricht als extremistische Organisationen durch den Verfassungsschutz. Die Liste ließe sich endlos fortführen – und sie bleibt notwendig unvollständig.
Joining the International Criminal Court
JOINING THE ROME STATUTE IS AN EXPRESSION OF SOLIDARITY WITH THE VICTIMS
Victims have the right to participate in the proceedings before the Court through
a legal representative. States Parties to the Rome Statute have established a Trust Fund for Victims, an independent institution through which victims and their families can receive assistance and reparations, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation.
JOINING THE ROME STATUTE IS A POWERFUL FOREIGN POLICY STATEMENT
States Parties and the international community continue to reaffirm their commitment to the ICC. Ratifying or acceding to the Rome Statute shows commitment to international law and peace and security and strengthens the resolve of multilateral diplomacy.
JOINING THE ROME STATUTE CONTRIBUTES TO THE PREVENTION AND DETERRENCE OF FUTURE CRIMES
Through its preliminary examinations, investigations and judicial processes, the ICC’s work can help prevent future crimes from happening by putting potential perpetrators on notice that anyone may be held responsible if they commit core international crimes.
JOINING THE ROME STATUTE REINFORCES THE EQUALITY OF ALL BEFORE THE LAW
The Rome Statute sets one standard for all – no one is below or above the law.
As official capacity is irrelevant under the Rome Statute, all individuals can be
brought to justice for grave international crimes.
Speaking outside the Egyptian embassy in London, Maha Azzam, head of the Egyptian Revolutionary Council, said the Rabaa massacre remains an open wound twelve years later and its legacy is directly tied to what is happening in Gaza today.
(August 17, 2025)
She described Rabaa as a systematic murder of innocent people carried out under the orders of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who she said continues to commit crimes by keeping the Rafah crossing shut and blocking food and medicine from reaching civilians in Gaza.
„Egypt is complicit in Israel’s agenda in Gaza,“ she said, calling on the international community to recognise Sisi’s role in the ongoing starvation and suffering of Palestinians.
The Rabaa Massacre & Aftermath
(pictures)
رصد | مشاهد لم تعرض | فض اعتصام رابعة العدوية و المعتصمين في مواجهة الجرافات
1,172,054 views Aug 19, 2013
Worse Than Tiananmen? 1st Anniversary of Egyptian Army Killings of 800+ Anti-Coup Protesters
(August 14, 2014)
One year ago today, Egyptian forces opened fire on a sit-in at Rabaa al-Adaweeya Square in Cairo. Tens of thousands of people had camped in the square to protest the ouster of democratically elected President Mohamed Morsi. Over the course of a single day, in what became known as the Rabaa massacre, Egyptian forces killed at least 817 people. Now, Human Rights Watch has unveiled a new report that concludes Egypt‘s actions likely constituted a crime against humanity, one of the worst violations of international law.
Escape from Hell – A Rabaa Medic’s Testimony of Bloody Massacre
(August 16, 2013)
As one of the protesters who used to camp at Rabaa Al-Adaweya pro-democracy, pro-legitimacy sit-in, I was there on Wednesday morning, when the putschists’ violent crackdown killed and injured thousands.
At about 6:00am (local Cairo time, or 4am GMT), a warning message on a loudspeaker in the square said that everybody should leave their tent and head to the center of the sit-in encampment. Everyone there felt this was a major emergency issue.
At approximately 6:30am, I started to experience some difficulty with the internet signal. I wandered in the vigil area trying to get a better signal.
At about 6:40, I was in the area behind Tiba Mall. There and then, I knew that a vicious attack had just started, as the entry of the sit-in was showered with a barrage of teargas bombs. Only minutes later, I saw the first protester rushing through the encampment, covered with blood that flowed from a severe wound in his right arm where much of the muscle had been blown away….
All According to Plan: The Rab’a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt
(August 12, 2014)
In July and August 2013, many of Egypt’s public squares and streets were awash in blood. On July 3, 2013, the military deposed Mohamed Morsy, Egypt’s first elected civilian president and a high-ranking member of the Muslim Brotherhood, on the heels of massive popular protests against Morsy calling for early presidential elections.
Over the course of the following two months, Muslim Brotherhood supporters organized two large sit-ins in Cairo and smaller protests across Egypt to denounce the military takeover and demand the reinstatement of Morsy. In response, police and army forces repeatedly opened fire on demonstrators, killing over 1,150, most of them in five separate incidents of mass protester killings.
Human Rights Watch’s one-year investigation into the conduct of security forces in responding to these demonstrations indicates that police and army forces systematically and intentionally used excessive lethal force in their policing, resulting in killings of protesters on a scale unprecedented in Egypt. The evidence we examined includes on-site investigations at each of the protest sites during or immediately after the attacks were underway, interviews with over 200 witnesses, including protesters, doctors, journalists, and local residents, and review of physical evidence, hours of video footage, and statements by public officials. On this basis, Human Rights Watch concludes that the killings not only constituted serious violations of international human rights law, but likely amounted to crimes against humanity, given both their widespread and systematic nature and the evidence suggesting the killings were part of a policy to attack unarmed persons on political grounds. While there is also evidence that some protesters used firearms during several of these demonstrations, Human Rights Watch was able to confirm their use in only a few instances, which do not justify the grossly disproportionate and premeditated lethal attacks on overwhelmingly peaceful protesters.
Numerous government statements and accounts from government meetings indicate that high-ranking officials knew that the attacks would result in widespread killings of protesters; indeed, in the single largest incident, the Rab’a and al-Nahda dispersals, the government anticipated and planned for the deaths of several thousand protesters. One year later, security forces continue to deny any wrongdoing, and authorities have failed to hold a single police or army officer accountable for any of the unlawful killings.
August 14 Rab’a and al-Nahda Square Dispersals
The gravest incident of mass protester killings occurred on August 14, when security forces crushed the major pro-Morsy sit-in in Rab’a al-Adawiya Square in the Nasr City district of eastern Cairo. Using armored personnel carriers (APCs), bulldozers, ground forces, and snipers, police and army personnel attacked the makeshift protest encampment, where demonstrators, including women and children, had been camped out for over 45 days, and opened fire on the protesters, killing at least 817 and likely more than 1,000.