(November 15, 2024)
Solhyd not only develops technology to produce hydrogen from air and sunlight. We also develop methods to produce that technology in a cost-effective and reliable manner. Efficient production, with cost reductions driven by scale benefits, will eventually lead to the lowest cost approach to make hydrogen from solar energy.
We took the first step in that process this year.
(02 October 2019)
For over a decade, Professor Johan Martens and Drs. Tom Bosserez, Jan Rongé and Christos Trompoukis have been developing a ‘solar hydrogen panel’, i.e. a solar panel that can create hydrogen from the water vapour in the air. Using sunlight, moisture taken from the air – i.e. no liquid water – is split into hydrogen on the one hand, and oxygen molecules on the other.
The panel is able to directly convert no less than 15 per cent of sunlight into hydrogen gas, Which is a world record
If the world’s propagandizing ‘news’ outlets insist on reporting that Antarctica sea ice is melting in oblivion–which NASA reveals it most certainly isn’t–then they need to come up with a new mechanism to support it, because temperatures, clearly, are playing no part.
A meteor crashed into Mars on Christmas Eve 2021, and shook the planet so much that NASA‘s InSight lander recorded the rumblings.
Scientists didn‘t know where the quake came from until NASA‘s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, a spacecraft circling the red planet, captured images of the new impact crater. NASA revealed the discovery on Thursday.
Ethiopia says it has started the next phase of filling a controversial mega-dam on the Nile River, Egyptian authorities said Monday, raising tensions ahead of an upcoming UN Security Council on the issue.
The research is based on data gathered by NASA‘s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, in orbit around the moon since June 2009, as well as the agency‘s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy airborne telescope, called SOFIA. The latter is a Boeing 747SP aircraft modified to carry a 2.7-meter telescope.
Der 34-jährige Eyraud Adams war ein bekannter Aktivist, der sich für die Verbesserung der Lebensbedingungen und das Recht auf Autonomie der Kumiai einsetzte. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Dürre in der Region war das Recht auf Wasser eines seiner Hauptanliegen.
(15.4.2016)
Learn how giant airstreams high in the sky get trapped sometimes – leading to devastating weather extremes on the ground. Copyright: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research PIK and Climate Media Factory. This video was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).
(07.06.2004)
Andere Astrobiologen haben dagegen noch grundsätzlichere Bedenken. Wenn es die venerischen Luftbazillen wirklich gäbe, so ihr Einwand, hätten sie oder ihre Stoffwechselprodukte in den Meßdaten der Venussonden schon lange auffallen müssen. „Wo Leben existieren kann, neigt es zu Dominanz“, sagt etwa der Nasa-Astrobiologe Chris McKay. „Wenn ich aus meinem Fenster blicke, sehe ich überall Grün – warum, bitte, sind die Venuswolken nicht grün?“
(25.05.2004)
„Current theories suggest that Venus and the Earth may have started out alike. There might have been a lot of water on Venus and there might have been a lot of carbon dioxide on Earth,“ Professor Ingersoll explained.
But all that was to change. On Earth, life in the oceans took in carbon dioxide and turned it into limestone. On Venus, 30% closer to the Sun, any oceans boiled away and the water vapour added to the runaway greenhouse effect.
(16.09.1967)
WHILE the surface conditions of Venus make the hypothesis of life there implausible, the clouds of Venus are a different story altogether. As was pointed out some years ago, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight—the prerequisites for photosynthesis—are plentiful in the vicinity of the clouds. Since then, good additional evidence has been provided that the clouds are composed of ice crystals at their tops and it seems likely that there are water droplets toward their bottoms. Independent evidence for water vapour also exists5.
(December 1972)
Infrared spectra of Venus produced by a Fourier spectrometer flown aboard the NASA CV 990 jet aircraft were analyzed for water-vapor content by comparison with calculated model spectra. The reflecting layer model gave an abundance of 1.6 ± 0.4 μ of precipitable water for the two-way transmission of the Venus atmosphere. The scattering model resulted in a value of 0.25 ± 0.10 μ of water per scattering mean free path.
(10.08.2020)
Using infrared imaging, one team discovered the presence of the compound hydrohalite—a material common in sea ice but which until now had never been observed off of Earth.
Water vapor appears on Mars today as thin, wispy clouds.
(26.03.2008)
The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer saw a much higher density of volatile gases, water vapor, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, as well as organic materials, some 20 times denser than expected. This dramatic increase in density was evident as the spacecraft flew over the area of the plumes.
Previous analyses inferred three different spectral types of Enceladean ice grains (Postberg et al. 2008, 2009a): Type 1 represents grains of almost pure water ice, Type 2 shows features consistent with grains containing significant amounts of organic material, and Type 3 is indicative of salt-rich water ice grains.
Before NASA‘s Cassini mission studied Saturn and its moons for 13 years, beginning in 2004, Enceladus held many secrets. Cassini revealed that there was a global ocean between the moon‘s icy crust and its rocky core.
Although the Cassini mission ended in a blaze of glory when it disintegrated in Saturn‘s atmosphere, surprises from the data it collected will be released for years to come.
(05.11.2015)
(21.11.2016)
Mars today is a chilly desert. But ancient landscapes reveal a times when water may have flowed freely. Scroll to see how the red planet has evolved
Current theories of the formation and evolution of the terrestrial planets do support an Earth scale magnetic dipole (magnetic field) on Venus for perhaps the first billion years or so after formation.
(20.09.2019)
The long-term evolutionary history of Venus’ climate largely remains a mystery.
(24. September 2009) The man who led the mission, Dr Mylswamy Annadurai, told the Times today how pleased he was at the discovery, which significantly enhances India‘s position in its space race with China.
„It‘s very satisfying,“ he said. „This was one of the main objectives of Chandrayaan-1, to find evidence of water on the moon.“
The reports from the Indian mission were backed up by the findings of two other studies to be published in the journal Science on Friday, showing that the water may be actively moving around, forming and reforming as particles mixed up in the dust on the surface of the moon.
(21.8.2018) As that statement indicates, scientists already knew that the lunar underground isn‘t bone-dry. For example, in 2009, an impactor released by NASA‘s Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) blasted a bunch of water into space after slamming into a permanently shadowed region of Cabeus Crater, which lies near the moon‘s south pole.
But it wasn‘t clear from the LCROSS data where, exactly, that excavated ice originally lay — how much gray dirt once sat atop it. And, while several instruments have spotted tantalizing hints of exposed lunar ice over the years, these detections had remained unconfirmed until now.
(15.4.2016) Learn how giant airstreams high in the sky get trapped sometimes – leading to devastating weather extremes on the ground. Copyright: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research PIK and Climate Media Factory. This video was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). PIK research on the subject: – Evidence for wave resonance as a key mechanism for generating high-amplitude quasi-stationary waves in boreal Summer
(15.4.2016) Learn how giant airstreams high in the sky get trapped sometimes – leading to devastating weather extremes on the ground. Copyright: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research PIK and Climate Media Factory. This video was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). PIK research on the subject: – Evidence for wave resonance as a key mechanism for generating high-amplitude quasi-stationary waves in boreal Summer
(6.4.2017) Wavenumber-5 consists of five pairs of alternating high- and low-pressure features that encircle the globe about six miles (10 kilometers) above the ground. It is a type of atmospheric phenomenon known as a Rossby wave, a very large-scale planetary wave that can have strong impacts on local weather systems by moving heat and moisture between the tropics and higher latitudes as well as between oceanic and inland areas and by influencing where storms occur.
The slow-moving Rossby waves at times become almost stationary. When they do, the result can be persistent weather patterns that often lead to droughts, floods, and heat waves.
(27.3.2017) for a brief period, from 2011 to 2014, scientists had the unprecedented opportunity to see the Sun‘s entire atmosphere at once. During that time, observations from NASA‘s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which sits between the Sun and Earth, were supplemented by measurements from NASA‘s Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) mission, which included two spacecraft orbiting the Sun. Collectively, the three observatories provided a 360-degree view of the Sun until contact was lost with one of the STEREO spacecraft in 2014. McIntosh and his co-authors mined the data collected during the window of full solar coverage to see if the large-scale wave patterns might emerge.
„By combining the data from all three satellites we can see the entire Sun, and that‘s important for studies like this because you want the measurements to all be at the same time,“ said Dean Pesnell, SDO project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. „They’re pushing the boundary of how we use solar data to understand the interior of the Sun and where the magnetic field of the Sun comes from.“
(6.8.2018) Geospace research has long established that certain changes in the atmosphere are caused by the sun’s radiation, through mechanisms including solar wind, geomagnetic storms, and solar flares. (…)
One of the more scientifically interesting large-scale atmospheric events is called a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), in which enormous waves in the troposphere — the lowermost layer of the atmosphere in which we live — propagate upward into the stratosphere. These planetary waves are generated by air moving over geological structures such as large mountain ranges; once in the stratosphere, they interact with the polar jet streams.
(15.8.2018) Harvey and her colleagues are still working to understand how the extra water got up there. One possibility involves planetary wave activity in the southern hemisphere which can, ironically, boost the upwelling of water vapor tens of thousands of miles away in the north. The phenomenon could also be linked to solar minimum, now underway. It is notable that the coldest and wettest years in the mesosphere prior to 2018 were 2008-2009–the previous minimum of the 11-year solar cycle.
(25.6.2018) That preliminary study has been revised with new data showing that the coldest sites actually reach -98 degrees Celsius (-144 degrees Fahrenheit). The temperatures are observed during the southern polar night, mostly during July and August.
When the researchers first announced they had found the coldest temperatures on Earth five years ago, they determined that persistent clear skies and light winds are required for temperatures to dip this low. But the new study adds a twist to the story: Not only are clear skies necessary, but the air must also be extremely dry, because water vapor blocks the loss of heat from the snow surface.
Nearly 15 degrees colder than the previous record-breaking coldest temperature, which was -128 degrees in 1983 near the South Pole, the temperature in Antarctica dropped to -144 degrees Fahrenheit.
Temperatures this low make Antarctica „almost like another planet,“ says lead researcher Ted Scambos at the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colorado, quoted in Forbes.
Taking just a few breaths of air this cold would kill you.
(10.8.2018) “Space weather occasionally occurs in tandem with extreme terrestrial weather,” according to scientists from NCEI, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and other institutions in an open access Space Weather journal article. “When it does, the struggle to mitigate the impacts to life and property can be dramatically intensified. This one-two punch landed on the socioeconomically and technologically diverse communities of the Caribbean islands during the September 2017 hurricane season.”
(16.8.2018) Still, it remains unclear why there is so much water vapour so late in the year.
One theory is to do with the upcoming solar minimum.
The sun follows cycles of roughly 11 years where it reaches a solar maximum and then a solar minimum.
During a solar maximum, the sun gives off more heat and is littered with sunspots. Less heat in a solar minimum is due to a decrease in magnetic waves.
Neben der Tatsache, dass es für die Forscher sehr interessant ist, dass durch eine denkbar geringe Verunreinigung eine Phase einfach verschwinden kann, werfe die Erkenntnis noch weitere Schatten: Dass so kleine Änderungen große Auswirkungen für den Gesamtzustand eines Stoffes haben können, gelte nämlich offenbar nicht nur für Wasser. Es gebe auch Beispiele von Arzneimitteln, deren Wirkung nach kleinsten Änderungen im Produktionsprozess sozusagen einfach verfliegt.
The chemical vapors in the atmosphere, identified by Hubble’s sensitive filters, point to two huge plumes of water occasionally erupting on the South Pole. These eruptions are thought to eject the vapors, which reach such dazzling heights that they are seen from the moon’s orbit.