Archiv: this solar system / dieses Sonnensystem


13.11.2025 - 22:35 [ Famous-Trials.com ]

The Trial of Galileo: An Account

The trial by the Congregation moved to its conclusion. Several of the ten cardinals apparently pushed for Galileo‘s incarceration in prison, while those more supportive of Galileo argued that–with changes–the Dialogue ought to continue to be allowed to circulate. In the end, a majority of the cardinals–rejecting much of the Commissary‘s agreement with Galileo–demanded Galileo „even with the threat of torture…abjure in a plenary assembly of the Congregation of the Holy Office…[and] then be condemned to imprisonment at the pleasure of the Holy Congregation.“ Moreover, the cardinals declared, the Dialogue „is to be prohibited.“

The grand play ran its course, with the Pope insisting upon a formal sentence, a tough examination of Galileo, public abjuration, and „formal prison.“ Galileo was forced to appear once again for formal questioning about his true feelings concerning the Copernican system. Galileo obliged, so as not to risk being branded a heretic, testifying that „I held, as I still hold, as most true and indisputable, the opinion of Ptolemy, that is to say, the stability of the Earth and the motion of the Sun.“ Galileo‘s renunciation of Copernicanism ended with the words, „I affirm, therefore, on my conscience, that I do not now hold the condemned opinion and have not held it since the decision of authorities….I am here in your hands–do with me what you please.“

13.11.2025 - 18:46 [ Harvard University ]

More than a planetary fender-bender: New study finds Earth collided with dense interstellar cloud, possibly affecting life on planet

(June 10, 2024)

Evidence of a long-ago collision involving the Earth was there in the form of specific radioactive isotopes deposited across the Earth and Moon. There were, however, skeptics.

But now researchers have tracked the sun’s path through the Milky Way back to a crash 2 to 3 million years ago with a dense interstellar cloud. The event was so violent it appears to have collapsed the sun’s protective bubble around the solar system and possibly even affected life on Earth.

(…)

“We don’t often discuss the impact of astrophysics on Earth because the astronomical timescales are very long, and the human species emerged on Earth just a few million years ago,” Loeb said. “But a few million years ago there was the potential for us to be passing through a very dense cloud. We didn’t work out the biological implications, but it’s clear that if you shrink the heliosphere to within the orbit of the Earth around the sun, we are not protected anymore. It could have significant implications for life on Earth.”

13.11.2025 - 16:14 [ NASA Goddard / Youtube ]

11 Years Charting Edge of Solar System

Jun 11, 2020
Far, far beyond the orbits of the planets lie the hazy outlines of the magnetic bubble in space that we call home.

This is the heliosphere, the vast bubble that is generated by the Sun’s magnetic field and envelops all the planets. The borders of this cosmic bubble are not fixed. In response to the Sun’s gasps and sighs, they shrink and stretch over the years.

Now, for the first time, scientists have used an entire solar cycle of data from NASA’s IBEX spacecraft to study how the heliosphere changes over time. Solar cycles last roughly 11 years, as the Sun swings from seasons of high to low activity, and back to high again. With IBEX’s long record, scientists were eager to examine how the Sun’s mood swings play out at the edge of the heliosphere. The results show the shifting outer heliosphere in great detail, deftly sketch the heliosphere’s shape — a matter of debate in recent years, and hint at processes behind one of its most puzzling features. These findings, along with a newly fine-tuned data set, are published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplements on June 10, 2020.

13.11.2025 - 14:00 [ Dagens.com ]

NASA confirms Voyager spacecraft has encountered a “wall of fire” at the edge of the Solar System

(November 6, 2025)

According to NASA, Voyager 1 has now encountered what researchers describe as a “wall of fire,” a zone where temperatures reach between 30,000 and 50,000 kelvin — roughly 30,000 degrees Celsius. The finding was made as part of ongoing efforts to understand the boundary separating our Solar System from interstellar space.

(…)

“An observation made by Voyager 2 confirms a surprising result from Voyager 1: the magnetic field in the region just beyond the heliopause is parallel to the magnetic field inside the heliosphere,” NASA noted. With data from both spacecraft, scientists can now confirm that this alignment is not a coincidence but a defining characteristic of the boundary region.

13.11.2025 - 13:38 [ NASA / Youtube ]

Voyager 1 Trajectory through the Solar System

628,218 views Aug 31, 2017
This visualization tracks the trajectory of the Voyager 1 spacecraft through the solar system. Launched on September 5, 1977, it was one of two spacecraft sent to visit the giant planets of the outer solar system. Voyager 1 flew by Jupiter and Saturn before being directed out of the solar system.

To fit the 40 year history of the mission into a short visualization, the pacing of time accelerates through most of the movie, starting at about 5 days per second at the beginning and speeding up to about 11 months per second after the planet flybys are past.

The termination shock and heliopause are the ‚boundaries‘ created when the plasma between the stars interacts with the plasma flowing outward from the Sun.

02.03.2025 - 05:15 [ Erik Wernquist ]

Wanderers

„Wanderers“ is my short science fiction film envisioning our humanity‘s future expansion into the Solar System. Although admittedly speculative, the visuals in the film are all based on scientific ideas and concepts of what our future in space might look like, if it ever happens.
All the locations depicted in the film are digital recreations of actual places in the Solar System, built from real photos and map data where available.

02.03.2025 - 05:03 [ Jet Propulsion Laboratory / National Aeronautics and Space Administration ]

The Voyagers Are Still Exploring 40 Years Later

(Oct. 12, 2024)

From their unique vantage points – Voyager 1 in the northern hemisphere and Voyager 2 in the southern hemisphere – the spacecraft have already detected differences and asymmetries in the solar wind termination shock, where the wind abruptly slows as it approaches the heliopause. For example, Voyager 2 crossed the termination shock at a distance of about 83.7 AU in the southern hemisphere. (One AU, or astronomical unit, is equal to 150 (million) kilometers (93 million miles), the distance between Earth and the Sun.) That’s about 10 AU closer to the Sun than where Voyager 1 crossed the shock in the north. As shown in this diagram, Voyager 1 traveled through the compressed “nose” of the termination shock and Voyager 2 is expected to travel through the flank of the termination shock.

02.03.2025 - 04:53 [ NASA / Youtube ]

Voyager 1 Trajectory through the Solar System

628,218 views Aug 31, 2017
This visualization tracks the trajectory of the Voyager 1 spacecraft through the solar system. Launched on September 5, 1977, it was one of two spacecraft sent to visit the giant planets of the outer solar system. Voyager 1 flew by Jupiter and Saturn before being directed out of the solar system.

To fit the 40 year history of the mission into a short visualization, the pacing of time accelerates through most of the movie, starting at about 5 days per second at the beginning and speeding up to about 11 months per second after the planet flybys are past.

The termination shock and heliopause are the ‚boundaries‘ created when the plasma between the stars interacts with the plasma flowing outward from the Sun.

02.03.2025 - 04:41 [ Wired.me ]

Our planet is in a space balloon, literally

(June 16, 2024)

But only two human-made objects have crossed the boundary of the solar system and entered interstellar space.

In 1977, NASA launched Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, equipped with tools to measure the magnetic fields and the particles it is directly passing through. After traveling for over three decades in space, they finally exited the outer layer of the heliosphere—heliopause in 2012 and 2018 respectively. They discovered that cosmic rays are about three times more intense outside the heliopause than deep inside the heliosphere.

02.03.2025 - 04:27 [ National Aeronautics and Space Administration ]

PUNCH – Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere

Key Questions

The PUNCH mission will use four suitcase-sized satellites to observe the Sun and its environment. Working together, the four PUNCH satellites will create a combined field of view and map the region where the Sun’s corona (or outer atmosphere) transitions to the solar wind (the constant outflow of material from the Sun).

The PUNCH mission will answer questions about:

How the Sun’s atmosphere transitions to the solar wind.
How structures in the solar wind are created.
How these processes affect the solar system.

02.03.2025 - 04:24 [ Astrnomy.com ]

NASA will soon launch PUNCH to study how the Sun influences the space around us

On March 2, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket is scheduled to launch the Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission into low Earth orbit. From this location, its four satellites will have nearly constant views of the Sun to help researchers answer questions about how activity near our star propagates through the inner solar system, influencing the space weather we experience here on Earth.

26.02.2025 - 00:36 [ Daniel Neun / Radio Utopie ]

Unser System: Das Ende der zivilen Europäischen Weltraumfahrt

(July 21, 2008)

DIE ISS: KALT SABOTIERT UND IN DER SACKGASSE

NASA-Chef Michael Griffin hat selbst die Entwicklung des „Space Shuttle“ und der Internationalen Raumstation ISS als „einen Fehler“ („a mistake“) bezeichnet. Erst nach verblüfften Protesten aus der Wissenschaft zog er halbherzig zurück. Aber mehr und mehr fragen sich die Beobachter aus Wissenschaft und Weltöffentlichkeit, ob man es mit einem neuen „Wettrennen im Weltraum“ zu tun hat, welches eher militärisch motiviert ist.

An ISS und Space Shuttle (siehe Screenshot, aus einem Bild der ESA) wird kritisiert, dass sie keinen „Gewinn“ abwerfen. Auf den ersten Blick einfach grosser Quatsch. Auf den zweiten skrupelloses Kalkül. Man will die zivilen Projekte einfach loswerden und denkt sich eine entsprechend dumme Luftblase aus, um diese dann testweise in die Öffentlichkeit zu setzen, dann entweder bei entsprechendem Geschrei zurückzuziehen und wegzuheucheln oder einfach immer weiter mit dem Abbau der zivilen Wissenschaft zu machen bis alles zerstört, runiert und endlich verloren ist.

Einfacher Hintergedanke: wenn man einen Krieg führen will, braucht man einen Feind, keinen Mitmenschen auf irgendeinem Planeten mit dem man dies und das gemeinsam hat. Das verwirrt nur die blöde Hammelherde die man an die Front quatschen will.

Die ISS, obgleich nicht mal fertiggebaut, steht ab 2010 ohne Versorgungsfähre da, weil die NASA auch die Space Shuttles einmottet und seit den 70er Jahren, unter den 8 Jahren Ronald Reagan mit seinem Vize George Bush, dessen 4 Jahren als Präsident, 8 Jahren Bill Clinton und dann noch 8 Jahre George Bush Junior oben drauf, kein Nachfolgemodell entwickelt hat.

Den für 2015 in Aussicht gestellten US-Raumgleiter „Orion“ darf man nicht als schlechten Witz bezeichnen, man muss es. Er besteht nur auf dem Papier, ebenso wie die notwendige Trägerrakete Ares.
Beide Luftnummern sollen im Rahmen dieses wohlklingenden „Project Constellation“ angeblich aus uralten Komponenten des „Apollo“-Programms, ja sogar aus der steinzeitlichen Delta-IV Rakete (ausgerechnet von Boeing) zusammen gesetzt werden.

Deshalb müssen ab 2010 nun zur Versorgung der ISS die Russen einspringen – mit den uralten Kapseln der Sojus-Kapseln. Es ist zum Verzweifeln.
Und ab 2015, so drohte NASA-Chef Griffin indirekt, ist das Projekt ISS sowieso hinfällig.

Auch nicht die ESA, die kanadische oder die japanische Raumfahrtbehörde machen z.Z. irgendwelche Anstrengungen um die Zukunft der einzigen Raumstation der Menschheit im All zu retten.
Dabei werden dann wirre Pläne über Mond- und Marsmissionen in die Welt gesetzt die völlig irreal und nicht umzusetzen sind, weil bei immensen technischen und infrastrukturellen Problemen trotzdem alle gegeneinander arbeiten und vor einander warnen, besonders vor den Chinesen welche zwar auffällig zielstrebig und fleissig ihre Raumfahrt selbstständig ausbauen, aber gerade mal ihren ersten Taikonauten ins All gebracht haben und noch mindestens 10 Jahre hinter dem Stand der Russen und Amerikaner sind.

Und die Franzosen? Sie hatten schon Mitte der 70er Jahre die Pläne für den Raumgleiter „Hermes“ in der Schublade, die natürlich konsequent nicht umgesetzt wurden.
1987 wurde dann endlich der erste Schritt getan, um das ganze Programm dann 6 Jahre später wieder einzustellen, ausgerechnet mit der Explosion der Challenger-Raumfähre als Begründung, die bereits 1986 erfolgt worden war.
Einerseits müsse man jetzt wohl doch Schleudersitze einbauen (was für ein Witz), deswegen könne man weniger Astronauten und Fracht mitnehmen, ausserdem habe man kein Geld und ausserdem brauche man eh keine Raumfähre.

Jetzt von einer Mondfahrt, oder gar einer Reise zum Mars zu erzählen, ist irrational und unwissenschaftlich. Letzteres ist mit normalen Verbrennungstechniken bzw. chemischen Triebwerken sowieso nicht zu schaffen, und der Ionenantrieb, dessen erste Entwürfe vom deutschen Hermann Oberth aus den 20er Jahren stammen, dümpelt leise vor sich hin. Funktionieren tut er nur im Vakuum, nicht in der Atmosphäre. Starten könnte man nur von einer Raumwerft, deren Anfang wäre erst einmal eine orbitale Station, die aber wird gerade versenkt, usw.

Man erzählt das Eine und macht genau das Andere.
Das ist keine Wissenschaft. Das ist Politik.

26.02.2025 - 00:21 [ Tagesschau.de ]

Raumfahrt: Musk, die ISS und die gestrandeten Astronauten

(February 22, 2025)

Der ehemalige Astronaut Ulrich Walter bringt einen weiteren Player ins Spiel: „Die Inder haben auch ein bemanntes Raumfahrtprogramm, und falls die USA als Partner wegfallen, würde ich eine langfristige Zusammenarbeit mit den Indern empfehlen.“

Klar ist: Auf unabsehbare Zeit hat Europa keine eigene Rakete und kein Raumschiff, um selbst Astronauten in den Weltraum zu bringen. Wenn früher als geplant auch noch die ISS wegfällt, könnte es für ESA-Astronauten düster aussehen.

26.04.2024 - 00:00 [ Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth / onlinelibrary.wiley.com ]

Possible Eoarchean Records of the Geomagnetic Field Preserved in the Isua Supracrustal Belt, Southern West Greenland

(24 April 2024)

The preservation of a temperate climate and liquid water on early Earth depends critically upon the strength of the magnetosphere (Sterenborg et al., 2011; Tarduno et al., 2014). Recent atmospheric escape models have suggested that both weak (<10 μT) and strong (>1 mT) magnetic fields could substantially enhance atmospheric escape under present-day solar wind conditions via the polar wind or cusp escape, respectively (Gronoff et al., 2020; Gunell et al., 2018; Lundin et al., 2007). During the Archean, the Sun was rotating faster, generating a stronger stellar dynamo and therefore the solar wind was more intense than today (Vidotto, 2021). An increased solar wind strength causes greater interaction with the upper atmosphere and greater escape of ions assuming a constant level of protection from Earth‘s magnetosphere. Previous magnetohydrodynamic simulations have suggested that if Earth‘s magnetic field was half its present day strength 3.5 Ga ago, the area of the polar cap (the area containing open dipolar magnetic field lines, allowing atmospheric escape via the polar wind) could increase by up to 50% (Sterenborg et al., 2011).

25.04.2024 - 23:52 [ IFLscience.com ]

The Earth’s Magnetic Field Is At Least 3.7-Billion-Years Old, New Evidence Shows

The age of the Earth’s magnetic field remains under question in part because we don’t fully understand what causes it today. We know it is a product of movements in the molten outer core, whose high iron content turns convection currents into a dynamo, and these currents in turn are produced by the solidification of the inner core.

25.04.2024 - 23:45 [ livescience.com ]

Earth‘s magnetic field formed before the planet‘s core, study suggests

(24 April 2024)

Today, the magnetic field is driven by the churning of the liquid part of the core and the transfer of heat from the solid inner core to the convective outer core as the former cools. But researchers think the core didn‘t solidify until about a billion years ago.

14.06.2023 - 13:08 [ NASA New Horizons / Twitter ]

#OTD in 2019, @NASA‘s #NewHorizons flew by Arrokoth, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft. Arrokoth is about about 50 AU, or 4 billion miles from the Sun. New Horizons is ~56 AU from Earth and will join Voyagers 1 & 2 in interstellar space in the 2040s.

14.06.2023 - 12:59 [ Youtube ]

5 Spacecraft Are Leaving The Solar System. What Did They See In Their Journey?

Pioneer 10: Pioneer 10 was launched in 1972 to explore the planets of the solar system. It achieved the first flyby of Mars, the first trip through the asteroid belt, and Jupiter‘s first flyby. It was the first time NASA had used nuclear energy to power its spacecraft. So, after Pioneer 10 passed Jupiter in 1973, it still had ample energy to keep going. Initially planned for 21 months, it continued to communicate with Earth for a total of 30 years.

14.06.2023 - 12:50 [ Space.com ]

What Spacecraft Will Enter Interstellar Space Next?

(January 30, 2019)

This milestone — reaching interstellar space — can be considered leaving the solar system by a certain definition. Let‘s be clear about what that entails. In 1990, the New York Times reported that Pioneer was reported to leave the solar system when it flew past Neptune‘s orbit. That‘s not what Voyager 2‘s scientists used to make their determination, however. Instead, the more recent measurements consider the crossing of the sun‘s heliopause, the theoretical boundary to its heliosphere, to be the determining factor for entering interstellar space. The heliosphere is a bubble of charged particles created by and flowing past the sun. Scientists use it to mark where interstellar space begins.

14.06.2023 - 12:47 [ ORF.at ]

Raumsonde „Pioneer 10“ 40 Jahre aus Sonnensystem heraus

Am 13. Juni 1983 durchflog „Pioneer 10“ die Umlaufbahn des Neptun und wurde so laut NASA zum ersten menschengemachten Raumschiff, das am weitestentfernten bekannten Planeten unseres Sonnensystems vorbeiflog. Neptun ist im Mittel etwa 4,5 Milliarden Kilometer von der Sonne entfernt.

Mit „Pioneer 11“ und den beiden „Voyager“-Sonden folgten später ähnliche Missionen. „Voyager 1“ überholte „Pioneer 10“ schließlich als am weitesten von der Erde entferntes menschengemachtes Objekt. Zum bisher letzten Mal schickte „Pioneer 10“ im Jänner 2003 Daten, ein Kontaktversuch im März 2006 scheiterte.

26.12.2022 - 06:31 [ Electroverse.co ]

Cold Records Shattered Across Canada, Driving Energy Usage To All-Time Highs; Extreme Freeze Sweeps U.S.; Blizzards Hit Hawaii; + Wintry Weather Traps 300 Oil Workers On North Sea Rig

(December 21, 2022)

As hinted at above, Mauna Loa began erupting on Nov 27 and stopped on Dec 13.

It was the first time it has actively erupted since 1984 (solar minimum of cycle 20) — and is a sign of the times…

Volcanic eruptions are one of the key climatic forcings driving Earth into its next bout of global cooling. They have been shown to increase in both number and explosivity during times of prolonged solar decline, which is thought to be due to an influx of cosmic rays (CRs) penetrating/exciting silica-rich magma. During solar mins the Sun’s magnetic field weakens and the outward pressure of the solar wind decreases, which allows more CRs to enter the inner solar system, including our planet’s atmosphere.

25.10.2021 - 19:22 [ arxiv.org ]

A Unified Model for the Fan Region and the North Polar Spur: A bundle of filaments in the Local Galaxy

We present a simple, unified model that can explain two of the brightest, large-scale, diffuse, polarizedradio features in the sky, the North Polar Spur (NPS) and the Fan Region, along with several otherprominent loops. We suggest that they are long, magnetized, and parallel filamentary structures thatsurround the Local arm and/or Local Bubble, in which the Sun is embedded. We show this modelis consistent with the large number of observational studies on these regions, and is able to resolvean apparent contradiction in the literature that suggests the high latitude portion of the NPS isnearby, while lower latitude portions are more distant. Understanding the contributions of this localemission is critical to developing a complete model of the Galactic magnetic field.

25.10.2021 - 19:18 [ Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto ]

Dunlap Astronomer discovers we may be surrounded by tunnel-like structure

(Oct.14, 2021)

Dr. Jennifer West, Research Associate at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, is making a scientific case that two bright structures that are seen on opposite sides of the sky – previously considered to be separate – are actually connected and are made of rope-like filaments. This connection forms what looks like a tunnel around our solar system.

“If we were to look up in the sky,” explains West, “we would see this tunnel-like structure in just about every direction we looked – that is, if we had eyes that could see radio light.”

25.10.2021 - 19:10 [ SciTechdaily.com ]

A Vast “Magnetic Tunnel” May Surround Earth and Our Entire Solar System

(today)

An expert in magnetism in galaxies and the interstellar medium, West looks forward to the more possible discoveries connected to this research.

“Magnetic fields don’t exist in isolation,” she says. “They all must to connect to each other. So, a next step is to better understand how this local magnetic field connects both to the larger-scale galactic magnetic field, and also to the smaller scale magnetic fields of our sun and Earth.”

10.08.2021 - 12:48 [ National Aeronautics and Space Administration ]

NASA Team Studies Middle-aged Sun by Tracking Motion of Mercury

(18.01.2018)

Like the waistband of a couch potato in midlife, the orbits of planets in our solar system are expanding. It happens because the Sun’s gravitational grip gradually weakens as our star ages and loses mass.

10.08.2021 - 12:44 [ Forbes ]

Earth Is Drifting Away From The Sun, And So Are All The Planets

(Jan 3, 2019)

Deep inside the Sun, the process of nuclear fusion occurs. Every second, the Sun emits some 3.846 × 1026 joules of energy, which are released via the conversion of mass into energy in the core. Einstein‘s E = mc2 is the root cause, nuclear fusion is the process, and the continuous emission of energy from the Sun is the result. This energy is the underlying process that powers practically every biologically interesting process occurring on Earth.

15.07.2021 - 08:10 [ NationalGeographic.com ]

Surprise: Solar System „Force Field“ Shrinks Fast

(October 1, 2010)

It‘s cold, dusty, and bereft of planets, but the outskirts of our solar system are anything but dull, according to increasing evidence from NASA‘s Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) craft.

As charged particles flow out from the sun, they eventually bump up against interstellar medium—the relatively empty areas between stars. These interactions „inflate“ a protective bubble that shields Earth and the entire solar system from potentially harmful cosmic rays (solar system pictures).

15.07.2021 - 08:01 [ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ]

The solar wind bubble that protects Earth has been mapped for the first time

Using data IBEX collected on ENAs as it charted just one 11-year solar cycle, the time between shifts in the sun’s magnetic field, researchers built a three-dimensional map of the entire heliosphere, which Reisenfeld says shields Earth and other planets from harmful radiation.

“Our Earth gets bombarded by cosmic rays, galactic cosmic rays all the time,” he says. These rays can subtly affect airplanes that fly near the poles, often on trips between Europe or Asia and the US.

Scientists say that to study other planet’s astrospheres, which is what heliospheres are called when they surround other stars, we must first understand our own.

21.02.2021 - 03:32 [ NASA.gov ]

NASA Missions Make Unprecedented Map of Sun’s Magnetic Field

They’ll have a chance to take that step forward soon: A re-flight of the mission was just greenlit by NASA. Though the launch date isn’t yet set, the team plans to use the same instrument but with a new technique to measure a much broader swath of the Sun.

“Instead of just measuring the magnetic fields along the very narrow strip, we want to scan it across the target and make a two-dimensional map,” McKenzie said.