In response to the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001,the Congress passed legislation, S.J.Res. 23, on September 14, 2001, authorizing the President to “use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided theterrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizationsor persons….” The President signed this legislation into law on September 18, 2001(P.L. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 (2001)).