This was the ambition that President Nazarbayev set out in the Manifest “The World. The 21st Century” published during this visit and outlined in his speech at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. It is a document that mixes the vision of a world in which the “virus of war” has been eradicated with practical steps to achieve that vision.

In what was a detailed blueprint for peace, he called, for example, for urgent action to prevent the spread of nuclear arms to space, the development of new and more dangerous weapons and the retreat into competing military blocs. “We should have learnt from past wars and conflicts that it is impossible to ensure our own security by undermining the security of others,” the President warned.