(5. November) Those concerned about international security should pay attention to the Volkswagen case, since arms-control verification relies on similarly complex combinations of software and hardware, and verification tools often use proprietary or export-controlled technology that prevents transparency and independent scrutiny. Without such transparency, it is very difficult to exclude future incidents of cheating. As long as nations take the trouble and risks to construct clandestine facilities for weapon production, what would stop them from manipulating verification devices?